The determinants of fertility have engaged the interest of economists for some time. Pdf proximate determinants of declining fertility in oman. Pdf proximate determinants of declining fertility in. In the short run, lwever, and for specific households, the effects are much more tangled. There have been two periods of intense interest in the determinants of fertility by demographers. Determinants of fertility in namibia african journal of. Estimates of the amount of variance in the total number of children ever born that could be. Jun 27, 2018 studies on fertility in uganda have attributed fertility reduction to a shift in the overall characteristics of women of reproductive age. Therefore, the study seeks the achieve the following main aims.
The study examines trends in the proximate determinants of fertility sexual activity, contraception, and postpartuminfecundability in ghana over a decade from 1998 to 2008 with a view to finding out their contributions to fertility decline and explaining the factors responsible for fertility decline in the country. Difference between determinants of mortality and determinants of fertility. In order to improve the understanding of fertility behavior, its variations among different subgroups and underlying causes of the variations, it is necessary to analyze the mechanisms through which proximate determinants influence fertility. Generally, these factors assess fertility in an environment where regulation is deliberately practiced, the fertility rates thus departing from natural fertility. Proximate determinants of fertility in japan request pdf. The lower the index, the more influential the proximate determinant is in reducing the total fecundity rate tf. Average fertility rate in groups of countries with different levels of contraceptive prevalence o. Mortality data are normally expressed in terms of the number of deaths per thousand individuals as specified by age, sex and social groups. The determinants of household fertility decision in.
It is not clear whether the reduction in fertility is due to changing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics over time or stems from the shifts in the reproductive behavior of women. If accurately measured and modeled, the proximate determinants should explain 100% of variation in fertility. Second, we attempt to characterize the implications that these models provide for empirical assessments of the determinants of fertility behavior. This paper examines the proximate determinants of fertility that are responsible for these variations in fertility. Difference between determinants of mortality and determinants. Proximate determinants of fertility in japan springerlink. However, a number of the tables, which examine the proximate determinants in this chapter, are based on all women, i. Our measures of fertility and its determinants come from the retrospective fertility histories provided by 1549 year old evermarried women in the 3 waves n89,506 in 19923. Adam smith 1776 noted families were larger in settings where labour was scarce and child labour was especially valuable to parents, as in north america with its abundant land. The first of these seeks to establish and further understand the association of unmet need for. Total fertility rate for vietnam in 1997 and 2002 are shown in table 1. As is true in many other subfields of economics, strategies for identifying the effects of relationships. This population momentum during the fertility transition is a function of young age structure of the population due to high levels of fertility in the past.
Modeling the fertility impact of the proximate determinants. Studies on fertility in uganda have attributed fertility reduction to a shift in the overall characteristics of women of reproductive age. Bongaarts aggregate model of the proximate determinants which focuses on marriage, contraception, abortion, and sterility has been widely used to analyse the influence of proximate determinants on fertility. A countrys fertility rate can have many political, social and economic effects. Such procedures have a broad appeal to policymakers, offering as they do to pinpoint mechanisms susceptible. Fertility levels in subsaharan africa are among the highest in the world. Determinants and consequences of high fertility a synopsis of the evidence a straightforward causal effect of fertility. Therefore if we have good enough individuallevel data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding and postpartum amenorrhoea and the other proximate determinants, we should be able to capture all variation in individuallevel fertility.
Davis and blake 1956 3 identified a set of 11 intermediate variables which directly affect fertility which they grouped into the following three categories. Determinants of change in fertility pattern among women in. Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health. Feb 17, 2015 proximate determinants of fertility by economic status. Modelling the proximate determinants of fertility for brazil determinants, affect fertility bongaarts. Describe the trends and levels of teenage fertility in zimbabwe from the year 1988 to 2011, determine the major determinants of. For example, the demand for social services and medical care, political views and voting.
All waves of the survey collected detailed demographic data on fertility preferences, birth histories, and contraceptive use. Second, it identifies some of the structural determinants of the delay in childbearing and decline in fertility rates. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of household fertility decision in malaysia from a period of 1990 to 2001. Indirect determinants direct determinants socioeconomic, intermediate cultural, fertility fertility environmental variables variables although these relationships have been recognized since the pioneer ing work of kingsley davis and judith blake in the mid1950s, efforts to. Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health acknowledgements the world health organization gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the editor of this book, shawn malarcher, and those of the authors of the chapters. Learn about the proximate determinants of fertility by exploring famplans policy analysis screen. The fertility level is undoubtedly conditioned by the cultural, health, political, demographic and socioeconomic setting. The proximate determinants in 1978 bongaarts recast the list in terms of eight variables that he called the proximate determinants of fertility, distinguishing three types of factors representing exposure, deliberate fertility control, and natural fertility. Average fertility rate in groups of countries with different. Trends and determinants of fertility rates in oecd.
The first period, which encompasses the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was dominated by a concern about differential fertility within western countries. This population momentum during the fertility transition is a function of young age structure of the population due to. To estimate the total fertility rates and look into the relative contribution of the intermediate. The data used for the analysis in this dissertation comes from the demographic and health surveys. Explaining the role of proximate determinants on fertility. It was prepared by kiersten johnson, noureddine abderrahim, and shea o. In this section, we will summarize available data related to proximate determinants of fertility in japan while referring to some of the related literature targeting populations overseas. In zambia, however, there is limited understanding of their effects. The distinguishing feature of a proximate determinant is its direct connection with fertility. In the empirical estimation fertility decision of the household, intergenerational relationship, socioeconomics factors and demographic behavioural have contributed to certain fertility decisions. The role of proximate determinants in influencing fertility has been well documented worldwide. Potential determinants were gathered from general and fertility literature 10, 1522 and expected to exist within three groups. Modelling the proximate determinants of fertility for. Spatial patterns and determinants of fertility levels.
Proximate determinants of fertility by economic status. Consequently, fertility differences among populations and trends in fertility over time can always be traced to variations in one or more of the proximate determinants. As a result, recent fertility declines in a few countries have gained the attention of researchers and policy makers, and have renewed interest in the factors affecting fertility. Pdf the proximate determinants of fertility in sub. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution. You should know that youll be examined on subjects related to proximate determinants of fertility, such as relevant examples and key figures. Bongaarts 1978, 1982 and bongaarts and potter 1983 refined davis and blakes framework into 7 important factors, which were termed as the proximate determinants of fertility, to understand variations in level of fertility between populations. Particular attention is given to the biological and behavioral factors, such as postpartum abstinence, prolonged breastfeeding, and pathological sterility. Indepth studies on fertility in namibia have been lacking so far.
I then focus on one of the main proximate determinants induced abortion in the next two analytic papers. A total of 105 surveys covering 39 countries are used. In the past, the proximate determinants framework furthered our understanding of high fertility and the fertility transition. Most economic analyses adopt a multiperiod model in which investment by adults in children and other items is driven by expected returns in the same and later periods e. These variations have shrunk to a great extent by 2002. John koku awoonorwilliams, sarah bott, andrew amos channon, jane falkingham, maura graff, cynthia lloyd. It has become clear that uncontrolled fertility has adversely influenced the socioeconomic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. The proximate determinants of fertility and birth intervals. In the first tier of fertility determinants, socioeconomic development has a decisive effect in lowering fertility in the long run. Evidence shows that nearly two million people are added to the population of ethiopia each year. In this paper we examine how fertility rates have changed between.
The analysis highlights two set of factors that have contributed to current fertility. Level and trends of fertility and its proximate determinants in vietnam. Modeling the determinants of fertility among women of. The proximate determinants of fertility are defined as the biological and behavioural factors through which, and only. The economics of fertility in developed countries contents. Bongaarts and potter 1983 quantified the effects of six of the nine proximate determinants of fertility that were shown to have the greatest effect on fertility in 41 populations.
Trends and determinants of fertility rates in oecd countries. The data reveal that younger women tend to have menarche at an earlier age than older women. Following woods conceptualization, the specific components of the proximate determinants of fertility referred to in this chapter are lactational infecundability, fecund waiting time to. In the 2005 edhs, questions about the proximate determinants of fertility were included in the individual questionnaire, which was administered only to evermarried women. The proximate determinants of fertility sciencedirect. Determinants of high fertility status among married women. A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of. Davis and blakes 1956 conceptualization of the intermediate variables approach offered an important conceptual tool for capturing the multiple factors and mechanisms that could affect fertility trends and variation.
May 05, 2012 learn about the proximate determinants of fertility by exploring famplans policy analysis screen. The examination of the proximate determinants of teenage fertility will be achieved through the use of the zimbabwe demographic health survey 201011. Particular attention is given to the biological and. Estimation of the total fertility rates and proximate. This examines the fertility trends in namibia over the past 2 decades and examines fertility differentials across the various subgroups of namibia population, and factors affecting such differentials using ndhs data. Fertility, proximate determinants ofthe proximate determinants of fertility are the biological and behavioral factors through which the indirect determinantssocial, economic, psychological, and environmental variablesaffect fertility. Fertility differentials and determinants aynalem adugna page 6 regions but there is a slight hint of an earlier age at marriage in tigray, amhara, benishangul and gambela among the 40 44 year olds where the median marriage age is less than 16. A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Bongaarts aggregate model of the proximate determinants of fertility. In the present study, we used a generalized linear model poisson regression model and a natural log link function to explore to what extent do fertility determinants affects the level of fertility among women of. It provides a measure of health risks, improvements in the quality of health care, and the comparative overall health. The proximate determinants framework is the fundamental equation in famplans calculations. Higher income, for instance, allows households to afford more.
1324 1068 1250 929 1377 978 1016 261 435 690 1214 295 1095 89 195 913 903 44 820 1312 1391 1441 1111 950 802 641 44 889 856 1066 510 1 568 155 727 1336 759 155 404 115 628